Abolishing of Slavery Act in India, Act No.V

Act No. V

The Act no. V, 1843 also known as the Indian Slavery Act, was the act passed under the rule of the East India Company. This act made it illegal many transactions related to slavery.

The act states how the sale of any person as a slave was banned, and anyone buying or selling slaves would be booked under the Indian Penal Code(it is the official criminal code of India. The code was drafted on the recommendations of the first law of the commission of India. It came into force in British India during the early British Raj period in 1862.)  with an offense carrying strict punishment. 

 

Some East India Company officials opposed the thoughts of the act, taking into consideration Hindu and Muslim customs and stating the fact that the act would get involved in the traditional social structures. Some politicians believed that religious ceremony was not as important as the belief in Jesus and the study of the Bible had led to successful slavery campaigns in West Indies had been in the same situation and the act was implemented.     

Story of Lord Ganesha.

 

Once upon a time, there lived a Pandit and his wife. He always asked his wife to give him food to eat. Then his wife got troubled and replied," Why, whole day you keep on asking me for food. Why don't you make some rules? Now, go to Ganesha temple and pray for a while." Since then every day he used to go to the temple and while returning he used to say that he saw, he saw.

One day four thieves, after robbery hid in one place and distributed the gold among themselves while the pandit as usual was passing by the route repeating those same words I saw, I saw. Listening to his words the thief got scared and called him to their hidden place and offered him a portion of gold from their robbery. The pandit took the portion of gold and went home. When he reached home he gave that gold to his wife. His wife was very happy and prepared him a very delicious meal. Out of happiness, she threw a lot of sugar candy while the pandit went and sat outside of the home.

As soon as he sat outside, the King's soldier came to him and said," At the king's palace the gold has been theft, Did you see someone getting gold?" Then the pandit says." Yes, I have got the gold and I gave it to my wife." Solider asked Pandit's wife, "Your husband has got you some gold, where did you keep them." Then Pandit's wife said," Ask him only when did he got the gold." Pandit said," I  got the gold when you threw a rain of sugar candy." At that moment, Pandit's wife said to the soldier," Have you ever seen any sugar candy's rain. He is insane, what are you listening to him."  Listening to the quarrel between husband and wife the soldier left. 

Greek God of Water POSEIDON.

 Poseidon

Posiedon, in ancient Greek religion god of the sea( water generally), earthquakes, and horses. He is also distinguished from Pontus, the personification of the sea and the oldest Greek divinity of the waters. The name Poseidon means either" the husband of earth" or "the lord of the earth".

Posiedon

Traditionally, he was the son of Cronus ( the youngest of the 12 titans) and of Cronus's sister consort Rhea, a fertility goddess.

                               

                                       Cornus                             Rhea

Poseidon was the brother of Zeus, the sky god and chief god of Ancient Greece, and Hades, the god of the underworld. When the three brothers overthrew their father, the kingdom of the sea fell by a lot to Posiedon. his weapon and main symbol was a trident, perhaps once a fish spear. According to Greek poet Hesiod, Poseidon's trident, Zeus's thunderbolt, and Hade's helmet were fashioned by three Cyclopes.

Posiedon                         Trident

 

       Zeus                            Thunderbolt

 

        Hades                              Helmet        

As the god of earthquakes, Poseidon was also connected to dry land, and many of his oldest places of worship in Greece were inland, though these were sometimes centered on pools and streams or associated with water. In this aspect, he was known as enosichthon and ennosigaios("earth-shaker") and was worshiped as asphalts ("stabilizer"). As the god of horses, Poseidon is thought likely to have been introduced to Greece by the earliest Hellenes, who also introduced the first horses to the country about the 2nd century BCE. Poseidon himself fathered many horses, the best known of which was the winged horse Pegasus by the Gorgon Medusa.

Pegasus

Poseidon came into conflict with a variety of figures in land disputes. Notable among these was a contest for Sovereignty over Attica, which he lost to the goddess Athena. Despite losing, Poseidon was also worshiped there, particularly at Colonus( as hippos," of horses").

       

                                                                  Athena

Poseidon's offspring were Myriad. He was the father of Pelias and Neleus by Tyro, the daughter of Salmoneus, and thus became the divine ancestor of the royal families of Thessaly and Messenia.

Many of his sons became rulers in other parts of the ancient Greek world. Otherwise, he had many monstrous offspring, including giants and savage creatures, such as Orion, Antaeus, and Polyphemus. The progenitor of many, with several consorts, Poseidon also was married to the Oceanid Amphitrite, with whom he also had multiple offspring, including the sea creature Triton.

                          Amphitrite                            

The chief festival in Poseidon's honor was the Istgmia, the scene of famous athletic contests( including horse race), celebrated in alternate years near the Isthmus of Corinth, his character as sea god became most prominent in art, and he was represented with attributes of the trident, the Dolphin, and the tuna. the Romans, ignoring his other aspects, identified him with Neptune as sea god. 

Artefacts found in Mohenjo-daro (part-2)

Artifacts found in Mohenjo-Daro (part-2)

NOTABLE ARTEFACTS

Numerous objects found in the excavation include seated and standing figures, copper and stone tools, carved seals, balance scales and weights, gold and jasper jewelry, and children's toys. Many bronze and copper pieces, such as figurines and bowls, have been discovered from the site. The furnaces found at the site are believed to have been used for copper works and melting the metals as opposed to smelting. There even seems to be an entire section of the city dedicated to shell-working. Some of the most famous copper works discovered from the site are the copper tablets which have examples of the untranslated Indus scripts and visual images and symbols used in works of art or to study.

                                                                  

LOST WAX TECHNIQUE

While the script has not been converted into normal language yet, many of the images on the tablets match another tablet and both hold the same caption in the Indus language, with the example given showing three tablets with the image of a mountain goat and the inscription on the back reading the same letters for the three tablets.

  

                                    INDUS SCRIPT                                 

Pottery and terracotta sherds have been discovered from the site, with many of the pots having deposits of ash in them, leading archeologists to believe they were either used to hold the ashes of a person or as a way to warm up a home located in the site. These heaters, or braziers, were ways to heat the house while also being able to be utilized in a manner of cooking or straining, while others only believe they were used for heating.

Most of the objects from Mohenjo-daro retained by India are in the National Museum of India in New Delhi and those returned to Pakistan in the National Museum of Pakistan in Karachi, with many also in the museum now established at Mohenjo-daro itself. In 1939, a small representative group of artifacts excavated at the site was transferred to the British Museum by the Director-General of the Archeological Survey of India.

Mohenjo-Daro (mound of dead men) PART- 1

Mohenjo Daro is an archaeological site in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Built around 2500 BC, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS, and one of the world's earliest major CITIES, occurring at the same time with the civilizations of ancient Egypt, Minoan Crete, Norte Chico. etc. Mohenjo-daro was abandoned in the 19th century BC as the Indus Valley Civilization declined, and the site was not rediscovered until the 1920s.

MOHENJO-DARO

Mohenjo-daro is located off the right bank of the lower Indus river in Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan. It lies on a Pleistocene ridge in the flood plain of the Indus, around 28 kilometers (17 miles) from the town of Larkana.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT:

Mohenjo-daro was built in the 26th century BC. It was one of the largest cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, which developed by prehistoric Indus culture. The Indus Civilization extended much of what is now Pakistan and North India, extending westwards to the Iranian border, south to Gujarat in India, and northwards to an outpost in Bacteria, with major urban centers at Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Lothal, Kalibangan, Dholavira, and Rakhighari. Mohenjo-daro was the most advanced city of its time, with remarkably sophisticated civil engineering and urban planning. When the Indus civilization went into sudden decline, Mohenjo-daro was abandoned.

ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE

Mohenjo-daro has a planned layout with rectilinear buildings arranged on a grid plan. Most were built of fired and mortared brick; some incorporated sun-dried mud-brick and wooden superstructures. The covered area of Mohenjo-daro is estimated at 300 hectares.

The nearly size of the city, and its provision of public buildings and facilities, suggest a high level of social organization. The city is divided into two parts, the so-called Citadel and the Lower City. The Citadel – a mud-brick mound – is known to have supported public baths, a large residential structure designed to house about 5,000 citizens, and two large assembly halls. The city had a central marketplace, with a large central well. Individual households or groups of households obtained their water from smaller wells. Waste water was channeled to covered drains that lined the major streets. Some houses, probably those of more prestigious inhabitants, include rooms that appear to have been set aside for bathing, and one building had an underground furnace possibly for heated bathing. Most houses had inner courtyards, with doors that opened onto side lanes. 

Water supply and wells

The location of Mohenjo-daro was built in a relatively short period, with the water supply system and wells being some of the first planned constructions. Over 700 wells are present at Mohenjo-daro, alongside drainage and bathing systems. This number is unheard of when compared to other civilizations at the time, such as Egypt or Mesopotamia, and the number of wells was transcribed as one well for every three houses. Because of the large number of wells, it is believed that the inhabitants relied solely on annual rainfall, as well as the Indus River's course remaining close to the site, alongside the wells providing water for long periods in the case of the city coming under reliance. Due to the period in which these wells were built and used, likely, the circular brick well design used at this and many other Harappan sites is an invention that should be credited to the Indus civilization, as there is no existing evidence of this design from Mesopotamia or Egypt at this time, and even later. Sewage and wastewater for buildings at the site were disposed of via a centralized drainage system that ran alongside the site's streets. These drains that ran alongside the road were effective at allowing most human waste and sewage to be disposed of as the drains most likely took the waste toward the Indus River.

OTHER VIEWS

Flooding and rebuilding

The city also had large platforms perhaps intended as a defense against flooding. According to a theory, the city could have been flooded and silted over, perhaps six times, and later rebuilt in the same location. For some archaeologists, it was believed that a final flood that helped engulf the city in a sea of mud brought about the abandonment of the site. Greygory Possehl was the first to theorize that the floods were caused by overuse and expansion upon the land and that the mud flood was not the reason the site was abandoned. Instead of a mud flood wiping part of the city out in one fell swoop, Possehl coined the possibility of constant mini-floods throughout the year, paired with the land being worn out by crops, pastures, and resources for bricks and pottery spelled the downfall of the site.

 THE GREAT BATH

Tantara vamiro story

Tantara and Vamiro Story

Andaman islands of the last southern island called Little Andaman. It is about 100 km from Port Blair. After Port Blair the Nicobar Islands series starts, it is Nicobar's Tribes primitive cultural center. In the Nicobar Islands first island is Car Nicobar. The Car Nicobar is 96 km away from Little Andaman. Nicobarese believes that in the past both these islands were together. The reason why these islands are separate also has a story behind them and is also believed in the present as well.

Long ago when Little Andaman and Car Nicobar were together there existed a very beautiful village. Nearby, where a very handsome and story man used to live. His name was Tantara. He was a very kind, generous, and helpful person. Always present to help people.Not only his village people but also the whole Island people he loved to help. Because of this habit, he was popular. Everyone used to respect him. When a problem occurred and only his name was told he used to reach that location immediately. The festivals in other villages, he was especially invited. His personality was attractive but also because of his kind nature people liked to be with him. He was wearing and always kept a wooden sword along with him. People had the opinion that, even though the sword was wooden still it had some precious magical powers. He used to never allow his sword to be separated from him. He used to not even use it in front of the people as well. Tantara's sword was a very huge mystery.

One evening Tantara after hard work came over to the beach side to relax. The sun was about to set, the cold breeze was flowing and he was calm.

At that moment, he heard a very sweet song. Eventually, the song of the wave was heard. Hearing this song he couldn't control himself and started moving towards the direction where the song originated. As he reached, he saw a woman sitting there following nature's movement and singing. It was a make-up song.

She could not even feel that a strange person was staring at her. At that sort of time, a huge wave came over her and soaked her in water. Because of this, she forgot the song. Before she felt better she heard a strange man's voice.

"Why did you leave the beautiful song in the middle ?" Tantara asked politely.

Seeing such a handsome man she felt shy and thought to reply politely but to be moderate she replied to him rudely.

"First of all, who are you, how dare you to stare at me in such a way and ask me this question? Except answering the people of my village I don't have any rights to answer a person of another village, even you know that."

Tantara lost his mind and was not in the state to answer her. But he again repeated his question

"Why did you stop singing, please continue. You have received a very sweet vocal cord."

"This is not the answer to my question" Women replied.

"Truly say who you are? I never saw you in Lapati village."

But as Tantara had lost his consciousness he couldn't hear what she said and asked his question again."Why did you stop singing? Please continue"

The woman got angry and replied for the last time angrily.

"Being stubborn has some limits. For a long time, you have been asking the same question. But not telling me about you. You don't know the rules of the village?"

she began to go away. Immediately, Tantara came into consciousness and blocked her way, and said

"I am sorry, I felt like this first time in my life. By seeing you I forgot everything that was happening. I will leave your way, please tell me your name"

"va..... mi......ro......."the sweet voice came into his ears"

"Vamiro, it's a very beautiful name. Will you come tomorrow?" Tantara asked anxiously.

"No... maybe... Never........ vamiro replied and ran away towards Lapati village.

"Vamiro my name is Tantara. Tomorrow also I will be waiting over here for you, Please come"

 She ran and did not turn back to view him. She reached home and closed the door throwing it at once.

She tried to distract herself so as not to think about Tantara. She had heard a lot of stories about him and thought he would be strong and different. But when she viewed him she found him different. She found him to be a person with whom she wanted to spend her whole life. But it was not possible because of the rules of the village that a girl from a different village could not marry a boy from another village. So she thought it better to forget him.

The night went very difficult for both of them. The day was also going cold. Tantara whose life was adventurous and calm felt this first time. He came over to the location of the beach of Lapati village. The time was flowing like a mountain. Tantara was in doubt whether she would come or not? but he had no option and waited over their viewing over the way of Lapati village. Soon he saw a shadow coming over there, he was very happy to see it was Vamiro. She looked scared and hid herself from others. She came and stood in front of Tantara both were speechless and stood like a statue. Soon the sunset and both were still staring at each other Suddenly Vamiro came into her consciousness and ran away to her home but Tantara was still standing there speechless. They both started meeting each other at that point.

By this few people of the Lapati village got to know about it and spread the rumours. Vamiro was from Lapati village and Tantara was from a nearby village. The rumours spread people went to make them understand but both did not understand and met at the same point every day.

There was a festival of animals where the animals used to fight and make humans also to fight with animals. There Tantara's eyes were searching Vamiro He saw a shadow behind the coconut tree he thought to view it closely. He found it was Vamiro hiding behind in sadness. After seeing Tantara she started crying, and the voice slowly increased, Listening to it her mother came over there. Seeing Tantara her mother got angry and started saying foul speech to him, even villagers opposed Tantara.

listening to that Tantara got angry and took the sword out. With all his strength he put into the land and started dragging it towards him. He was not able to visualize what was he actually doing. He kept on dragging to the edge of the land. In the end, the land was divided. Unluckily Tantara was on the opposite side which was draining into the sea. He wanted to come over to the other side. He jumped over but as the hold was not strong he found it difficult and he unfortunately disappeared. There Vamiro became mad(mentally sick) She always came in search of Tantara at that place. It was like she got separated from her family. And she refused to have food. Both died mysteriously. 

The death of both of them led to a change in village rule. Where a man can marry any woman of any village and vice-versa. 

MORAL:

Rules a formed to be followed, for a better future. But, if the same rule becomes the cause of the formation of problems for the future, then, it's better to be broken. 

 Chauri Chaura Incident

At Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a

violent clash with the police. Hearing of the incident, Mahatma Gandhi called a halt.

to the Non-Cooperation Movement. This incident took place in Uttar Pradesh in the year 1922.