Jyotirao Phule

One of the most famous "Low-caste" leaders was the Jyotirao Phule. He was born in 1827, where he studied in one of the school set up by Christian missionaries. On growing up he developed his own ideas of injustices of caste based society. 

He stood up against the claims of Brahmans that they were superior as they were "Aryans". Jyotirao Phule argued that Aryans were foreigners , they defeated and subjugated the true children of the country. As the Aryans began establishing their dominance, they began looking at defeated population as inferior, as low caste people. According to Phule, the "upper-caste" had no right to their land and power. In reality the land belonged to indigenous people, the so called "low-caste". 

Phule founded an association called Satyashodak Samaj, meant for spreading of caste equality. In 1873, Phule wrote a book named "Gulamgiri" meaning slavery. Some 10 year before this an American Civil War had started leading to the end of slavery in America. Phule dedicated his book to all those Americans who fought against slavery and to free slaves, thus trying to connect links between the lower castes in India and the black slaves in America.

He extended his criticism of caste system to argue against all forms of inequality. He was concerned about the miseries of labourer, the plight of upper caste women and the humiliation of low castes.

Raja Rammohun Roy (1772-1833)

 Rammohun Roy

He was one of the Indian reformer. He founded a reform association known as Brahmo Sabha later came to be known as Brahmo Samaj in Culcutta. He was called reformer because he felt that changes were necessary in the society and unjust practices to be stopped.

He thought that the best way to make such changes was by persuading people to give up old practices and adopt new way of life.

Rammohun Roy was keen to spread the knowledge of western education in India and to bring about greater freedom and equality to women.

He wrote about how women were forced to perform their domestic work, confined to home and kitchen, and not allowed to move out and become educated.

Rammohun Roy began campaign against the practice of sati. He was well versed in Sanskrit, Persian and various Indian and European languages. He tried to show through his writings that practice of burning widow were no where mentioned in ancient texts.

The strategy used by Rammohun Roy were used by later reformers as well. That, whenever they wished to challenge a practice that seemed harmful, they would try to find a verse or sentence in ancient texts that supported their point of view.

For instance, one of the most famous reformers, Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar, used the anciemt texts to suggest that widows could remarry.

Gangaur poojan

 Gangaur is a vibrant fesitval celebrated in the states such as Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and some parts of Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra.  It is also celebrated in some parts of Gujarat and West Bengal as well.

It is one of the most important festival for the people of Rajasthan. It is celebration of spring, harvest , the unwavering commitment and faithfullness within marraige, leading to the state of happiness and fulfillment and child bearing.

Unmarried women worship the goddess with the hopes of being blessed by the good husband, while married women do for welfare health and long life of their husband.

It is dedicated to Goddess Gauri (Parvati), the spouse of Lord Shiv. Its particularly in the divine love between Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati.

Unveiling the Spiritual Splendor: Celebrating Ganesh Chaturti

Ganesh Chaturti, also known as Vinayaka Chaturti and Ganeshotsav, is one of the most widely celebrated festivals in India. This grand and vibrant festival, dedicated to Lord Ganesha, the elephant-headed god of wisdom and prosperity, holds a special place in the hearts of millions of people. Its history is as rich and diverse as the culture of India itself.

Today is the day when we all pray to Ganpati Bappa. Here we'll learn about 4 lesson of Ganesha that is relevant to today's modern world.

Lesson-1:

Why does Lord Ganesha have a big stomach?

At the time of Samudra Manthan, When Devas and Asuras churned the ocean and nectar came out. Then to divide the nectar properly, Lord Vishnu took Mohini Avtaar. After looking at Mohini, both Asuras and Devas were awestruck. Lord Shiva is also attracted to Mohini's beauty. When Lord Vishnu left Mohini's avatar, Lord Shiva was angry. So angry that an Asura was formed out of it. Its name was 'Krodhasur'(The monster of anger). Krodhasur soon captured the entire world and started ruling over all three lokas. All Devas started telling Lord Shiva that this Asura needs to be stopped. Then Lord Shiva prayed to Lord Ganesha and lord Ganesha took Avtaar of  Lambodar. After fighting with Krodhasur and winning over him Lord Ganesha forgave him. But, he said that now you will be under my control.

Lambodar means Pot-Bellied, which means big stomach. Who can control a destructive force like anger? who are not able to control their anger, will harm themselves. Lord Ganesh's big stomach is the symbol, that he has controlled his anger.

Lesson-2:

So does Lord Ganesha not get angry?

Once Lord Ganesh was riding in his vehicle Mushaka. After looking at Lord Ganesha riding on a small Mushaka, the moon started laughing. Lord Ganesha cursed him that he would disappear. Moon realized his mistake, and he apologized from his heart immediately. A curse cannot be taken back. But, Lord Ganesha got a solution. He said, that you will be disappeared, but will start appearing slowly. He made a mistake, but Moon was not a bad person. From this Lord Ganesha teaches that self-respect is important. But a person needs to learn to forgive too.

By forgiving him, lord Ganesha befriended a possible enemy. In his Balchandra form, you can see this moon on his forehead.

Lesson-3:

Why is Lord Ganesha called "elephant-headed" (Gajanana)?

Elephants have family-like bonding. so much that, they don't forget things, people, or their friends over the years. Elephants are smart. Elephants signify wisdom. Amongst any land animal their head -size is the biggest. In their brain, they have 3 times more neurons than any human. They can understand different human languages, and they can use different tools. Elephants are emotional. And lord Ganesha's head is not of any ordinary elephant, it is Airavat's head. Airavat was not a normal elephant, it was the vehicle of Lord Indra. Airavat is the symbol of rain, fertility, and prosperity.

Lesson-4:

Does Lord Ganesha not face any problems?

We call Lord Ganesha Vignaharta. Vigna="Obstacles" Harta=" one who solves it". After the war between the Pandavas and Kauravas in Kurukshetra. Sage Vyas took the responsibility to write Mahabharat. But the information was so huge that he needed someone who could write with the same speed as he was being told by him. And this work cannot be done by anyone else other than Lord Ganesha. Lord Ganesha was ready to write Mahabharath but on one condition, Vyas won't stop. Sage Vyas smiled and told his condition too, that you would not write until you understood it. A Lord of intelligence and a great poet both agreed and started writing Mahabharat. SageVyas started telling the Shlokas and Lord Ganesha started writing it. At one time Lord Ganesha's feather knib broke. Lord Ganesha got trapped due to his own condition. He broke one of his tusks and started writing with it. And completed Mahabharst. Ved Vyas was very impressed by this and he named him "Ekdant", which means one who has only one tusk. 

Even the Lord faces problems, but it does not mean that it is the end. A great person is not great because they don't have any problems in their life, but he is great because he has the capability of finding a solution.

Ancient Origins:

The origin of Ganesh chaturti can be traced back to ancient India, where Lord Ganesha is believed to have been worshipped in different forms for 1000 years. However, the festival, as we know it today, has its roots in the Maratha Empire, particularly during the reign of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in the 17th century. The great Maratha ruler was a devout follower of Lord Ganesha and initiated the public celebration of Ganesh Chaturti.

Public Celebration Begins:

Ganesh Chaturti gained immense popularity during the time of Peshwa Bal Gangadhar Tilak in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Tilak, a freedom fighter and social reformer, recognized the potential of the festival to unite people during the struggle for Independence from British colonial rule. He encouraged public celebration and transformed Ganesh Chaturti into a community event that transcended caste and class boundaries.

Tilak's efforts led to the festival becoming a significant public affair, fostering unity and a sense of pride among the people. The tradition of installing large, elaborately crafted Ganesha idols in public padals(temporary structures) became a common practice, and the festival began to assume its grand, communal character.

Conclusion:

Ganesh Chaturti is more than a religious festival; it is a celebration of culture, unity, and tradition. Its history is a testament to the enduring power of faith, community, and the ability to adapt to the changing times while preserving the essence of the past. As we celebrate Ganesh Chaturti each year, we not only honor Lord Ganesha but also the centuries-old history and heritage that have made this festival a cherished part of our lives.

From Krishna's Flute to Your Heart: Finding Bliss and Happiness on Janmashtami

 

Celebrating the Joyous Festival of Janmashtami

Janmashtami, also known as Krishna Janmashtami, is one of the most significant and widely celebrated Hindu festivals. It marks the birth of Lord Krishna, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu, and is observed with great enthusiasm and devotion by millions of people across the world. In this article, we will delve into the vibrant and spiritual celebration of Janmashtami, exploring its traditions, customs, and the significance it holds for devotees.

The Legend of Lord Krishna

Before we dive into the celebrations, let's briefly revisit the legend of Lord Krishna. Born in Mathura to King Vasudeva and Queen Devaki, Krishna's birth was no ordinary event. It took place on the eighth day of the dark fortnight in the month of Bhadrapada, which typically falls in August or September. The divine baby was born in a prison cell, and his miraculous life would go on to inspire generations.

Preparations and Decorations

1. Cleaning and Decorating Homes

Janmashtami preparations often begin weeks in advance. Homes are thoroughly cleaned, and vibrant decorations are put up to create a festive atmosphere. People decorate their entrances with colorful rangoli patterns and flowers, welcoming Lord Krishna into their homes.

2. Dahi Handi: The Matki Breaking Tradition

One of the most exciting aspects of Janmashtami celebrations is the Dahi Handi ceremony. A clay pot filled with curd, butter, and other delicious treats is suspended at a considerable height. Young men and children form human pyramids to break the pot, emulating Krishna's mischievous nature as a child.

Midnight Celebrations

3. Bhajans and Kirtans

As the clock strikes midnight, the exact moment of Lord Krishna's birth, devotees gather in temples and homes to sing bhajans (devotional songs) and kirtans (religious chants). The melodious tunes create a spiritual ambiance, and everyone eagerly awaits the birth of the Lord.

4. Cradle Ceremony

In many households, a cradle is beautifully decorated, and an idol of baby Krishna is placed in it. Devotees take turns swinging the cradle, symbolizing the nurturing of the divine child. It's a heartwarming sight that brings joy to all.

Fasting and Feasting

5. Fasting Till Midnight

Many devotees observe a fast throughout the day, breaking it only at midnight after Lord Krishna's birth. The fast is a mark of their devotion and a way to purify the body and mind.

6. Special Janmashtami Delicacies

The midnight feast is a lavish affair, featuring a wide array of delectable dishes, especially those made of dairy products like butter, milk, and curd. Sweets like maakhan mishri and peda are prepared to commemorate Krishna's love for dairy delights.

The Significance of Janmashtami

7. Divine Guidance

Janmashtami is not just a celebration; it's a time for devotees to seek divine guidance and blessings from Lord Krishna. It's believed that by remembering the Lord and celebrating his birth, one can attain spiritual enlightenment and lead a righteous life.

8. Symbol of Love and Compassion

Krishna's life and teachings are a source of inspiration for many. His love for Radha and his compassion for all living beings serve as a reminder of the importance of love, humility, and kindness in our lives.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Janmashtami is a vibrant and spiritually enriching festival that brings people together in celebration of Lord Krishna's birth. From cleaning and decorating homes to fasting, singing bhajans, and breaking the Dahi Handi, every aspect of this festival is infused with devotion and joy. It reminds us of the divine qualities of love, compassion, and righteousness that Lord Krishna exemplified.

History of Association Football

Football arose in England in the middle of the 19th century. But alternative versions of the game existed much earlier and are part of Football history. The game dates back to Meso-American culture, played with a rock some 3000 years ago. Followed by Cuju, where the ball was used for kicking in China. Various forms of the game were played in multiple countries. However, the present state of the game developed in England in the 12th century.

In this century the game that resembled football was played on meadows and roads of England. besides kicks the game involved also punches on the ball with the fist. This early form of football was much rougher and more violent than the modern way of playing. An important feature of the four runners to the football was that the games involved plenty of people and took place in large areas and towns. An equivalent was played in Florence in the 16th century, where it was called Calcio. Which of these games would cause damage to the town and even death. These would be among the reasons for the proclamations against the game that was finally forbidden for several centuries.

It took however long time for the features of today's football had be taken into practice. for a long time, there was no clear distinction between football and rugby and there were also many concerns about the varying size of the ball, the number of players, and the length of the match. The game was often played in the school and two of the dominant schools were Rugby and Eton. At Rugby, the rules included the possibility of taking the ball with the hands, and the game we know today as Rugby has its origin here. At Eton on the other hand the ball was played exclusively with the feet and the game can be seen as the close premise of modern football. The game in Rugby was called "the running game." While the game of Eton was called "the Dribbling game." Proper rules for the game were decided at the meeting in Cambridge in 1848. The first football association was formed in 1863. This also led to the standardization of the size and weight of the ball. And also divided the game into 2 cores. Association football and Rugby the game would continue to develop for a long time and there was still much flexibility concerning the rules. One thing the number of players on the pitch could vary neither was uniform to distinguish the appearance of the teams. It was also common for players to wear caps. the header was yet to be part of the game. Another important difference in this part of the game could be noticed between England and Scottish teams. Whereas the English teams preferred to run forward with the ball in more Rugby fashion, the Scottish chose the pass the ball between the players. It could be the Scottish approach that soon became predominant. The sport was at first entertainment for the British working class. An unprecedented number of spectators up to 30,000 could be seen in some of the matches. The game was soon expanded by the British people who traveled to another part of the world. Especially South America and India. The interest in football became big. Football clubs have existed since the 15th century but are unorganized and without official status. Thus it is hard to decide when was first football club started. Some historians suggest that it was the football club formed in 1824 in Edenberg. Earlier clubs were often formed by former school students and the first of this kind was formed in Sheffield in 1855. The oldest among professional football clubs is the English club. Notts County was formed in 1862 and still exists today. an important step for the emergence of the team for industrialization that led to larger groups of people meeting in places such as factories, pubs, and churches. In bigger cities, football teams were established and the new railroad could bring them to other cities. In the beginning, football was dominated by the public school teams successfully but later teams consisting of workers made up the majority of those. Another change was successfully taking place when some clubs became willing to pay the best player to join their team. This was the start of professional football. Slowly tickets for the games were sold. Initially, the game was restricted to England but over the period, it moved to other countries too. The Federation International Football Day Association was founded in 1904. The foundation act was signed by representatives from France, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. England and other British countries did not join FIFA from the start. They had invented the game and saw no reason to subordinate to an association still they joined in the following year but would not part take in the World Cup until 1950. Domestic leagues took root early and very soon they started thriving Initially there were no black players but soon they too joined Football became a part of the Olympics and also FIFA World Cup had its origin. These have created great enthusiasm in the spectators. The Americans had their own version of football. and hence they have a distinction between Football and soccer. This game is gaining popularity but can be no match as yet to the original game of football.

                  

Rakshabandhan: The Festival of Love, Joy, and Togetherness

Two most popular stories of Rakshabandhan: Happy Rakshabandhan

Introduction

Rakshabandhan, also known as Rakhi, is a beloved Indian festival that celebrates the bond between brothers and sisters. It is a day of love, protection, and the exchange of heartfelt vows. In this article, we will explore the two most popular stories associated with Rakshabandhan, stories that exemplify the unbreakable bond between siblings.

1st Story: The Tale of Maharaj Bali

The Devotion of Maharaj Bali

Long ago, there lived a noble king named Maharaj Bali, who was a descendant devotee of Prahlad and an ardent follower of Lord Vishnu. He was known far and wide for his unwavering faith and dedication.

The Worries of the Gods

One day, Maharaj Bali decided to perform 101 Yagyas (sacrificial rituals). This decision created anxiety among the gods and goddesses in the heavens. They feared that if Maharaj Bali continued with these rituals, he might one day take over the throne of heaven.

Lord Vishnu's Solution

In their distress, the demigods sought the refuge of Lord Vishnu. They pleaded with Him to find a solution to this impending crisis. In response, Lord Vishnu devised a plan.

Lord Vamana's Incarnation

Lord Vishnu took on the form of a small Brahmin and entered the palace of Maharaj Bali. He appeared as Vamana Avatar, a beautiful and innocent-looking boy. Seeing this divine presence, Maharaj Bali eagerly offered to grant the boy any wish.

The Humble Request

Surprisingly, Lord Vamana asked for just three steps of land. With the king's consent, Lord Vamana took his first step, covering the earth, and his second step, reaching the heavens. It became evident to Bali that he was dealing with a deity.

King Bali's Devotion

In an act of ultimate devotion, King Bali humbly requested Lord Vamana to place His third step on his head. Lord Vamana complied, sending King Bali to Patal Lok (the netherworld). Even in this new realm, Bali continued his unwavering devotion to the Lord.

The Boon of Devotion

Impressed by Bali's devotion, Lord Vishnu appeared before him and granted him a boon. Bali requested that Lord Vishnu become his gatekeeper, so he could witness the Lord's divine presence always. The Lord, being the Bhaktavatsal (lover of His devotees), agreed.

Mata Lakshmi's Rakhi

In Vaikuntha, Goddess Lakshmi awaited Lord Vishnu's return. But He was now the gatekeeper of Bali Maharaj. In a beautiful turn of events, on the day of Shravan Shukla Purnima, Mata Lakshmi tied a rakhi on Bali Maharaj's wrist, considering him her brother.

A Holy Bond

Bali Maharaj, touched by her gesture, promised to fulfill her wish. Mata Lakshmi, with her brother's permission, took Lord Vishnu back to Vaikuntha. From that day forward, the sacred bond between brothers and sisters has been celebrated with great affection during Rakshabandhan.

2nd Story: The Protection of Draupadi

Shishupala's Arrogance

Our second story takes us to the epic Mahabharata. It revolves around Shishupala, a man whose arrogance has no bounds. His insolence reached a point where Lord Krishna had to intervene.

The Divine Intervention

In a fit of anger, Lord Krishna used his Sudarshan Chakra to end Shishupala's life. However, in the process, Krishna's finger was injured, and blood began to flow.

Draupadi's Act of Love

Draupadi, the virtuous and compassionate queen, immediately tore her new saree and used it as a bandage to stop the bleeding from Krishna's finger. This selfless act deeply moved Lord Krishna.

Krishna's Promise

Touched by Draupadi's love and care, Lord Krishna made a solemn promise to protect her always. This pledge would later prove crucial during the dark days of the Mahabharata.

Protecting Draupadi's Honor

When Duryodhana and Dusshasana attempted to disrobe Draupadi in the court of Hastinapur, Lord Krishna intervened once again. He miraculously extended her saree to an unending length, preserving her dignity.

Conclusion

These two stories, one from mythology and the other from epic history, beautifully depict the enduring bond between brothers and sisters. Rakshabandhan, with its sacred thread, symbolizes this unbreakable connection and the promise of protection and love.

Celebrate Rakshabandhan with joy and reverence, cherishing the cherished bonds that define this wonderful festival.

Unlocking the Legend of Bakhtiyar Khilji: Secrets from the Past Revealed

EXPLORING THE ORIGINS OF NALANDA

Nalanda, a name echoing through the corridors of time, came into being during the 5th century, standing tall as one of the world's oldest bastions of knowledge. The word "Nalanda" itself is a fusion of three Sanskrit words: Na, Alam, and Da, signifying an "unstoppable flow of knowledge." Nalanda was unique in offering free education, and housing precious manuscripts, including the original Upanishads. For over 800 years, it remained a symbol of peace and enlightenment. However, the serenity was disrupted in the 12th century.

THE DARK TIMES: NALANDA'S REPEATED ASSAULTS

Nalanda was subjected to not one, but three ruthless attacks, with the third being the most catastrophic.

HUNA'S ONSLAUGHT(455-467 AD)

The first assault on Nalanda came at the hands of the Hunas, led by Mihirkula, during the reign of Samudragupta. This early attack set a grim precedent for the trials that Nalanda would face.

GAUDAS RAJVANSH'S INVASION(EARLY 7TH CENTURY)

The second attack transpired in the early 7th century, executed by Gaudas Rajvansh of Bengal. It was a grim reminder that Nalanda's legacy made it a target for those who sought to extinguish knowledge.

BAKHTIYAR KHILJI'S BRUTAL ONSLAUGHT(1193 AD)

The third and most devastating blow to Nalanda was orchestrated by the Turkish invader, Bakhtiyar Khilji, in 1193 AD.

UNRAVELING BAKHTIYAR KHILJI'S MOTIVE

The annihilation of Nalanda by Bakhtiyar Khilji conceals a peculiar motive. Legend has it that when Khilji fell gravely ill, conventional medicine failed him. In his hour of desperation, a suggestion surfaced: seek the counsel of Rahul Sri Bhadra, the principal of Nalanda. Initially hesitant, Khilji eventually agreed to meet him. Rahul Sri Bhadra, however, presented a condition – Khilji must refrain from taking any medication and read the Quran daily. What Khilji was unaware of was that the Quran pages held a secret medicinal concoction. As he absorbed the essence of the book, his health steadily improved. This revelation deeply perturbed Khilji, fueling jealousy and insecurity over a non-Muslim possessing superior knowledge. This insecurity ultimately led to the decision to eradicate the fountains of wisdom.

THE CATASTROPHIC DEMISE OF NALANDA

Nalanda's "Dharma Ganj" library was the lifeblood of Rahul Sri Bhadra and countless monks. This library, comprised of three multi-storied buildings - Ratnasagar, Ratnodhadi, and Ratnaranjaka, housed an astonishing collection of 90 lakh books, making it the world's largest library at the time. When Khilji discovered the treasure trove of knowledge, he embarked on a brutal rampage, mercilessly ending the lives of monks and scholars, many of whom met a fiery demise. The library, too, was consigned to flames, a harrowing process lasting three long months, as recounted by Minhaj Siraj in his writings.

THE IRREPARABLE LOSS AND A GLIMMER OF HOPE

Khilji's actions didn't merely obliterate a university; they extinguished an entire tradition. The devastation was so profound that it remains beyond repair to this day. Following the Nalanda tragedy, Khilji went on to decimate two more universities in Bihar - Vikramshila and Odantapuri. While the irreplaceable knowledge that once graced Nalanda's shelves may forever remain lost, the idea of resurrecting Nalanda University was championed by the late APJ Abdul Kalam. In 2010, the Nalanda Act was passed by the parliament, with Amartya Sen leading as the chairman of the governing body of Nalanda. Since 2014, admissions have once again begun at this hallowed institution, a beacon of hope amidst the shadows of its tragic past.

CONCLUSION

The story of Nalanda and Bakhtiyar Khilji is a testament to the enduring power of knowledge and the destructive force of ignorance. Nalanda may have suffered immeasurable loss, but its legacy persists, inspiring generations to come.

FAQS

1. Was Nalanda University ever fully rebuilt after its destruction?
   • Yes, Nalanda University was reestablished in 2014, although it cannot fully recover the wealth of knowledge it once held.
2. What was the significance of Nalanda's library?
   • Nalanda's library, known as "Dharma Ganj," was one of the largest and most prestigious libraries in ancient India, housing invaluable manuscripts.
3. Did Bakhtiyar Khilji's actions have any lasting consequences?
   • Yes, Khilji's destruction of Nalanda and other universities left a lasting void in the history of knowledge in the Indian subcontinent.
4. Who championed the revival of Nalanda University?
   • The late APJ Abdul Kalam played a key role in advocating for the revival of Nalanda University.
5. What is the current status of Nalanda University?
   • Nalanda University has been reestablished and is admitting students once again, offering a glimmer of hope for the future of education and knowledge in the region.